A Textbook of Neuroanatomy, 3rd Edition

Easily master the anatomy and basic physiology of the nervous system in this concise, student-friendly update of this distinguished textbook

A Textbook on Neuroanatomy has long served as the essential student introduction to the anatomy and systems of the brain. Covering brain organization, neural connections, and neural pathways in an accessible style, it contains the fundamental neurophysiology of every major brain area. Now fully updated to reflect the latest research and clinical data, it’s an essential resource for students in the life sciences with an interest in neuroscience.

Readers of the third edition of A Textbook on Neuroanatomy will also find:

• New photomicrographic presentations of key anatomical structures
• New clinically-relevant topics in each chapter, including board-style questions
• Supplemental website incorporating figures, quizzes, bioinformatics worksheets, case studies, and more

A Textbook on Neuroanatomy is ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in neuroscience, neurology, and general clinical behavioral neuroscience and neuroanatomy.

CONTENTS

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xiii

About the Companion Website xv

Part I General Principles of the Nervous System 1

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Nervous System 3

Cells of the Central Nervous System 5

Central Nervous System 6

Peripheral Nervous System 9

Questions to Ponder 10

Chapter 2 Development of the Nervous System 11

Clinical Case 11

Early Development 12

Neurulation 14

Early Development of the Spinal Cord and Brain 19

Development of the Spinal Cord 21

Development of the Brain 23

Clinical Considerations 30

Synonyms and Eponyms of the Nervous System 31

Follow-up to Clinical Case 31

Questions to Ponder 31

Chapter 3 Histophysiology of the Nervous System 32

Clinical Case 32

Neurons 33

Neuroglia 40

Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulses 44

Clinical Considerations 47

Synonyms and Eponyms of Nervous System Histophysiology 48

Follow-up to Clinical Case 48

Questions to Ponder 48

Chapter 4 Neurotransmitter Substances 49

Clinical Case 49

Classification of Neurotransmitter Substances 52

Clinical Considerations 58

Follow-up to Clinical Case 59

Questions to Ponder 59

Chapter 5 Spinal Cord 60

Clinical Case 60

Morphology of the Spinal Cord 61

Internal Morphology of the Spinal Cord 67

Vascular Supply of the Spinal Cord 70

Clinical Considerations 73

Synonyms and Eponyms of the Spinal Cord 74

Follow-up to Clinical Case 74

Questions to Ponder 74

Chapter 6 Gross Anatomy of the Brain 75

Clinical Case 75

Cerebrum 76

Diencephalon 84

Cerebellum 85

Brainstem 87

Clinical Considerations 88

Synonyms and Eponyms of the Brain 90

Follow-up to Clinical Case 90

Questions to Ponder 90

Chapter 7 Brainstem 91

Clinical Case 91

Internal Organization of the Brainstem 91

Medulla Oblongata 96

Pons 102

Midbrain 107

Clinical Considerations 111

Synonyms and Eponyms of the Brainstem 116

Follow-up to Clinical Case 116

Questions to Ponder 116

Chapter 8 Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid 117

Clinical Case 117

Cranial Meninges 118

Spinal Meninges 126

Venous Sinuses of the Cranial Dura Mater 127

Cerebrospinal Fluid 130

Ventricles of the Brain 130

Clinical Considerations 131

Synonyms and Eponyms of the Cranial Meninges 132

Follow-up to Clinical Case 132

Questions to Ponder 132

Chapter 9 Vascular Supply of the Central Nervous System 133

Clinical Case 133

Vascular Supply of the Spinal Cord 134

Arterial Supply of the Brain 135

Venous Drainage of the Brain 149

Clinical Considerations 152

Synonyms and Eponyms of the Vascular Supply of the Central Nervous System 153

Follow-up to Clinical Case 153

Questions to Ponder 153

Chapter 10 Autonomic Nervous System 154

Clinical Case 154

Sympathetic Nervous System 157

Parasympathetic Nervous System 164

Enteric Nervous System 167

Neurotransmitters and Receptors of the Autonomic Nervous System 168

Pelvic Autonomic Functions 169

Clinical Considerations 171

Synonyms and Eponyms of the Autonomic Nervous System 172

Follow-up to Clinical Case 172

Questions to Ponder 172

Chapter 11 Spinal Reflexes 173

Clinical Case 173

Components of Reflexes 173

Lower Motor Neurons 174

Skeletal Muscle Innervation 175

Skeletal Muscle Receptors 176

Muscle Stretch Reflex 176

Reciprocal Inhibition 177

Autogenic Inhibition (Inverse Myotatic Reflex) 178

Flexor Reflex (Withdrawal Reflex, Nociceptive Reflex) 178

Crossed Extension Reflex 179

Maintenance of Muscle tone Via the Gamma Loop 180

Alpha–Gamma Coactivation 180

Synonyms and Eponyms of the Spinal Reflexes 182

Follow-up to Clinical Case 182

Questions to Ponder 182

Part II Integrative Components of the Nervous System 183

Chapter 12 Ascending Sensory Pathways 185

Clinical Case 185

Sensory Receptors 187

Anterolateral System 197

Tactile Sensation and Proprioception 207

Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum 214

Clinical Considerations 218

Modulation of Nociception 226

Neuroplasticity 229

Synonyms and Eponyms of the Ascending Sensory Pathways 229

Follow-up to Clinical Case 230

Questions to Ponder 230

Chapter 13 Motor Cortex and Descending Motor Pathways 231

Clinical Case 231

Cortical Areas Controlling Motor Activity 232

Descending Motor Pathways 235

Clinical Considerations 249

Synonyms and Eponyms of the Motor Cortex and Descending Motor Pathways 253

Follow-up to Clinical Case 254

Questions to Ponder 254

Chapter 14 Basal Nuclei 255

Clinical Case 255

Components of the Basal Nuclei 256

Nuclei Associated with the Basal Nuclei 260

Input, Intrinsic, and Output Nuclei of the Basal Nuclei 261

Connections of the Basal Nuclei 263

Circuits Connecting the Basal Nuclei, Thalamus, and Cerebral Cortex 270

Other Circuits of the Basal Nuclei 273

Neurotransmitters of the Basal Nuclei 274

“Direct,” “Indirect,” and “Hyperdirect” Loops (Pathways) of the Basal Nuclei 275

Circuits that Modulate Activity of the Basal Nuclei 277

Clinical Considerations 278

Synonyms and Eponyms of the Basal Nuclei 283

Follow-up to Clinical Case 284

Questions to Ponder 284