Rare Causes of Stroke A Handbook

Table of Contents

1. Inflammatory conditions
1.1.Isolated vasculitis of the central nervous system
1.2. Primary systemic vasculitis
1.2.a. Giant cell vasculitis
1.2.a.1. Temporal arteritis
1.2.a.2. Takayasu arteritis
1.2.b. Necrotising Vasculitis
1.2.b.1. Polyarteritis Nodosa(PAN)
1.2.b.2. Churg strauss syndrome
1.2.c. Granulomatosis vasculitis
1.2.c.1. Wegener granulomatosis
1.2.c.2. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
1.2.d. Vasculitis with prominent eye movement
1.2.d.1. Susac syndrome
1.2.d.2. Vogt koyanagi harada disease
1.2.d.3. Easles disease
1.2.d.4. Cogan disease
1.3. Vasculitis secondary to systemic disease
1.3.a. Systemic lupus erythematosis
1.3.b. Behçet's disease
1.3.c. Syögren syndrome
1.3.d. Sarcoidosis
1.3.e. Inflammatory bowel disease
1.3.f. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy related
2. Infectious and postinfectious vasculitis
2.1. Meningovascular syphilis
2.2.Neuroborelliosis
2.3. Tuberculosis meningitis
2.4. Bacterial meningitis
2.5. Neurocysticercosis
2.6. VZV related: CMV and herpes infections
2.7. HIV infection
2.8. Chagas disease
3. Hypercoagulable causes of stroke
3.1. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
3.2. Hyperhomocysteinemia
3.3. Hyperviscosity syndrome
3.4. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and moschkowitz syndrome
3.5. Henoch schönlein purpura
3.6. Cancer associated stroke
4. Drug related stroke
4.1. Medication related stroke
4.2. Illicit drug related stroke
5. Hereditary and genetic causes of stroke
5.1. Genetic collagen disorders
5.1.a. Ehlerdanlos syndrome
5.1.b. Marfan syndrome
5.1.d. Neurofibromatosis
5.2. Genetic small vessel disease
5.2.a. Cerebral autosomal dominant /recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy-CADASIL and CARASIL
5.2.b.Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy with systemic manifestations (RVCL-S)
5.3. Genetic metabolic diseases
5.3.a. Fabry disease
5.3.b. Mitokondrial diseases
5.3.c. Menkes disease
5.3.d. Tangier disease
5.3.e. Organic acid disorders
6. Rare causes of cardioembolism
6.1. Paradoxal embolism: Patent foramen ovale
6.2. Infective Endocarditis
7. Vasospastic conditions and other vasculopathies
7.1. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
7.2. Eclampsia and stroke during pregnancy and postpartum
7.3. Migraine and migraine like conditions
8. Other non-inflammatory vasculopathies
8.1. Moyamoya disease
8.2. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
8.3. Dolicoectasia and fusiform aneurysms
8.4. Carotid artery dissection
9.Venous occlusive conditions
9.1. Cerebral venous thrombosis
10.1. Bone disorders and stroke
10.2. Eagle syndrome.

• Editor

  Derya Uluduz, Istanbul Üniversitesi
  Derya Uluduz is Neurology, Vascular Neurology and Algology Specialist, Faculty Member of Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty Department of Neurology. Main interests are primary stroke prevention, neurosonology, headache, migraine-stroke. President of BEYİNDER-Turkish Stroke Patients Association. Board Member of Social Media Committee and Education Committee in European Stroke Organization, Turkish Representative of ESO-East Committee. Vice President of Turkish Global Migraine and Pain Association. Board Member of Turkish Neurological Association Headache Working Group. Vice President of the 'Lifting the Burden' group of the International Headache Society. Global Coordinator of the Lifting the Burden – pediatric headaches subgroup. Turkish representative of International Headache Society and European Headache Federation. She has over 100 scientific studies on stroke and headache. She takes part in informative statements and social projects for the benefit of the public and has a very active role in the civil society initiative to increase awareness of stroke through communication instruments, TV etc.

  Author

  Anita Arsovska, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius
  Dr. Anita Arsovska is Head of Department for Urgent Neurology at the University Clinic of Neurology and Professor of Neurology at the University 'Ss Cyril and Methodius', Faculty of Medicine in Skopje, North Macedonia. Her main interests involve acute stroke management, neurosonology and neuroimaging. Prof. Arsovska is Full member of EAN, Fellow of ESO and Board member of WSO. She is current Vice-President of SAFE and Associate Commissioning Editor of WSA. Prof. Arsovska is very active in promoting stroke prevention and raising stroke awareness, organizing many public campaigns, scientific meetings and supporting European and World Stroke Day.

  Contributors

  Bora Korkmazer, Osman Kızılkılıç, Hrvoje Budinčević, MarijaSedlić, Marina Ikić Matijašević, Vedran Ostojić, Marialuisa Zedde,Rosario Pascarella, Sezgin Sahin, Fatih Haslak, Kenan Barut, OzgurKasapcopur, Klearchos Psychogios, Amra Adrovic, Mehmet Yildiz, Ayten Aliyeva, Philip Ferdinand, Christine Roffe, Bengi Gül Türk, Sabahattin Saip, Cheryl Carcel, Sabrina Anticoli, Francesco Motolese,Francesco Motolese, Nikoloz Tsiskaridze, Alexander Tsiskaridze, VildanYayla, Hacı Ali Erdoğan, İbrahim Acır, Uğur Uygunoğlu, Aksel Siva, Marilena Mangiardi, Dilcan Kotan, Aslı Aksoy Gündoğdu, Gökhan Kabaçam, Merhmet Arhan, Murat Törüner, Jacopo C. De Francesco, Fabrizio Piazza, Thierry Adoukonou, Zeljko Zivanovic, Nikola Boban,Vladimir Galic, Yared Z. Zewde, Seda Tadesse, Eytan Raz, Maria Cristina Bravi, Alfano Guido, Asma Akbar Ladak, Mohammad Wasay, Massimo Leone, Darlington Thole, Fausto Ciccacci, Maria Cristina Marazzi, Abreu Montanaro,Luana Gentile, Danilo Toni, Francesca Romana Pezzella, Kateryna Antonenko, Larysa Sokolova, Valeria Caso, Andrea Blass, Andrea Fiacca, Sarah M Heldner, Barbara Goeggel Sminetti, Mirjam R Heldner, Christine Kremer, Olof Gråhamn, Antonella Urso, Pietro Caliandro, Giuseppe Reale, Aurelia Zauli, Turgay Demir, Filiz Koç, Otgonbayar Luvsannorov, Baigali Gongor, Zuhal Yapici, Çağla Turan, Oğuzhan Obuz, YaseminAkıncı, Adnan I Qureshi, Janika Körv, Natan M Bornstein, Yasemin Akıncı, Derya Uludüz, Füsun Ferda Erdoğan, Duygu Kurt Gök, Halil Dönmez, Linda Azevedo Kauppila, Mariana Fonseca, Ana Catarina Fonseca, Fatih Süheyl Ezgü, Cristina Tiu, Vlad Eugen Tiu, Elena Oana Terecoasa, Petra Črnac Žuna, Edvard Galić, Filipa Dourado Sote, Diana Aguiar de Sousa, Dejana R Jovanović, Predrag Stanarčević, Yagmur Turkoglu Comert, Peter J Goadsby, Bojana Žvan, Marjan Zaletel, Matija Zupan, Jernej Avsenik, Bojana Žvan, Füsun Mayda Domaç, Mustafa Ülker, Taşkın Duman, Derya Uludüz, Milija Mijajlovic, Vuk Aleksic, Natasa Stojanovski, Anita Arsovska, Vida Demarin, Patrik Michel